{"id":7156,"date":"2017-07-12T20:02:12","date_gmt":"2017-07-13T00:02:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost:10028\/uncategorized\/fully-understanding-duty-negligence-cases\/"},"modified":"2017-07-12T20:02:12","modified_gmt":"2017-07-13T00:02:12","slug":"%e5%ae%8c%e5%85%a8%e7%90%86%e8%a7%a3%e8%81%8c%e8%b4%a3%e7%96%8f%e5%bf%bd%e6%a1%88%e4%be%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/zh\/article\/%e5%ae%8c%e5%85%a8%e7%90%86%e8%a7%a3%e8%81%8c%e8%b4%a3%e7%96%8f%e5%bf%bd%e6%a1%88%e4%be%8b\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5145\u5206\u7406\u89e3\u758f\u5ffd\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u8d23\u4efb"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u97e6\u4f2f\u65af\u7279\u5c06\u201c\u8d23\u4efb\u201d\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u201c\u7531\u804c\u4f4d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u6027\u4efb\u52a1\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u670d\u52a1\u6216\u804c\u80fd\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6709\u201c\u517b\u5bb6\u7cca\u53e3\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u201d\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u611f\u89c9 <em>\u8d23\u4efb <\/em>\u5c06\u4ed6\u63a8\u4e0a\u4e86\u6218\u573a\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u542b\u4e49\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u8be5\u672f\u8bed\u5728\u8fc7\u5931\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u542b\u4e49\u76f8\u8fd1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u50cf\u8bb8\u591a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u5408\u7406\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u4e49\u52a1 <a href=\"\/zh\/%e7%bb%83%e4%b9%a0%e5%8c%ba\/%e4%ba%ba%e8%ba%ab%e4%bc%a4%e5%ae%b3\/%e6%b1%bd%e8%bd%a6%e4%ba%8b%e6%95%85%e5%be%8b%e5%b8%88\/\">\u7ebd\u7ea6\u8f66\u7978<\/a> \u59cb\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u5176\u6839\u6e90\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u4e24\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u6848\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>\u6c83\u6069\u8bc9\u95e8\u6d1b\u592b (1837)<\/h3>\n<p>\u7528\u4f69\u91cc\u00b7\u6885\u68ee\u7684\u8bdd\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c <em>\u65fa\u5e02 <\/em>\u5c06\u4f1a <a href=\"https:\/\/h2o.law.harvard.edu\/collages\/4855\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>\u6742\u4e71\u5e72\u8349\u5806\u579b\u673a\u7684\u6848\u4f8b<\/em><\/a>\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6709\u50cf\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u96f7\u5fb7\u798f\uff081965 \u5e74\u7684 <em>\u5978\u8bc8\u7684\u5047\u53d1\u6848<\/em>) \u6216 Alan Hale Jr. \u548c DeForest Kelley (1961 \u5e74\u4ee3 <em>\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u65b0\u5a18\u7684\u6848\u4f8b<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>180 \u5e74\u524d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e0e\u73b0\u5728\u5927\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u4f4f\u5728\u4e61\u4e0b\u7684\u5c0f\u5c4b\u91cc\uff0c\u4e24\u65c1\u662f\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5e72\u8349\u5806\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u5e72\u8349\u5806\u201d\u975e\u5e38\u6613\u71c3\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u706b\u82b1\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u51e0\u5206\u949f\u5185\u70b9\u71c3\u6574\u4e2a\u5806\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u82f1\u56fd\u5e72\u8349\u5806\u7684\u5efa\u9020\u65b9\u5f0f\u90fd\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u98ce\u9669\u964d\u81f3\u6700\u4f4e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u70df\u56f1\u4ee5\u9a71\u6563\u4efb\u4f55\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u706b\u707e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Menlove \u5148\u751f\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u70df\u56f1\u4f46\u4e0d\u4ee5\u4f20\u7edf\u65b9\u5f0f\u9632\u706b\u7684\u5e72\u8349\u5806\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u5e72\u8349\u5806\u51e0\u4e4e\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u7740\u90bb\u5c45\u7684\u5c0f\u5c4b\u3002\u5728\u5927\u7ea6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u51e0\u4e2a\u90bb\u5c45\u8b66\u544a\u4ed6\u6ce8\u610f\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u4f46\u95e8\u6d1b\u592b\u5148\u751f\u4ee5\u5178\u578b\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u98ce\u683c\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u56de\u7b54\u8bf4\u201c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u78b0\u78b0\u8fd0\u6c14\u7684\u201d\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u592a\u9633\u7684\u70ed\u91cf\u4f7f\u5e72\u8349\u5806\u81ea\u71c3\uff0c\u6c83\u6069\u5148\u751f\u7684\u5c0f\u5c4b\u548c\u8d22\u4ea7\u5728\u5927\u706b\u4e2d\u88ab\u5f7b\u5e95\u6467\u6bc1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u524d\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa\u8fc7\u5931\u7d22\u8d54\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u6b64\u6848\u3002 Menlove \u5148\u751f\u8fa9\u79f0\u4ed6\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u627f\u62c5\u635f\u5bb3\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u505a\u4e86\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6700\u597d\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u4f46\u6cd5\u9662\u56de\u5e94\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u201c\u4f1a\u7559\u4e0b\u5982\u6b64\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u754c\u7ebf\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u6839\u672c\u65e0\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u89c4\u5219\u201d\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u5e94\u8be5\u9075\u5b88\u5728\u6240\u6709\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u8c28\u614e\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u901a\u5ba1\u614e\u7684\u4eba\u4f1a\u9075\u5b88\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u201d\u6cd5\u5b98\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u6761\u89c4\u5219\u88ab\u5b8c\u5168\u9610\u660e\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>\u591a\u8bfa\u970d\u8bc9\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u68ee (1932)<\/h3>\n<p>\u5728 1800 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5f53\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5236\u6210\u54c1\u6216\u673a\u52a8\u8f66\u7684\u519c\u6751\u65f6\uff0c\u758f\u5ffd\u6848\u4ef6\u5f88\u5c11\u89c1\u3002\u4f46\u5728 1900 \u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u642c\u5230\u57ce\u5e02\u5e76\u5f00\u59cb\u9a7e\u9a76\u673a\u52a8\u8f66\u5230\u5de5\u5382\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4eca\u5929\u4ecd\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u9769\u6700\u7ec8\u4e5f\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53d8\u9769\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fdb\u5165 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.leeds.ac.uk\/law\/hamlyn\/donoghue.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>\u53d1\u9709\u8f6f\u4f53\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u6848\u4f8b<\/em><\/a>. Donoghue \u5973\u58eb\u5728\u4e00\u5bb6\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u5496\u5561\u9986\u4eab\u7528\u59dc\u6c41\u5564\u9152\u548c\u51b0\u6dc7\u6dcb\uff08\u8fd9\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u7cdf\u7cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u663e\u7136\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u5f88\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\uff09\uff0c\u4ee4\u5979\u60ca\u6050\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5979\u5728\u74f6\u5b50\u5e95\u90e8\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u53ea\u90e8\u5206\u8150\u70c2\u7684\u6b7b\u8717\u725b\u3002\u5979\u5411\u5564\u9152\u88c5\u74f6\u5546\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u635f\u5bb3\u8d54\u507f\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u6307\u63a7\uff0c\u5373\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u68ee\u5148\u751f\u6709\u6ce8\u610f\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u201c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u8717\u725b\u8fdb\u5165\u5176\u4e1a\u52a1\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ed6\u7684\u59dc\u6c41\u5564\u9152\u74f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\u5728\u59dc\u6c41\u5564\u9152\u704c\u88c5\u4e4b\u524d\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\u7684\u74f6\u5b50\u68c0\u67e5\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u201d\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u68ee\u5148\u751f\u575a\u79f0\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u5bf9\u91cd\u5927\u8fc7\u5931\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u610f\u5916\u4e8b\u6545\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u89c4\u5219\u4e0b <em>\u65fa\u5e02<\/em>\uff0c\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u68ee\u5148\u751f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5fc5\u652f\u4ed8\u8d54\u507f\u91d1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u8ba9\u6b7b\u8717\u725b\u8fdb\u5165\u5564\u9152\u74f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5ffd\u89c6\u5371\u9669\u8b66\u544a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\u65f6\u4ee3\u53d8\u4e86\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u82f1\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\u51b3\u5b9a\u5fc5\u987b\u6269\u5927\u5e76\u5de9\u56fa <em>\u65fa\u5e02 <\/em>\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u963f\u7279\u91d1\u52cb\u7235 (Lord James Atkin) \u4e3a\u6cd5\u5ead\u64b0\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u90bb\u5c45\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u201c\u60a8\u5fc5\u987b\u91c7\u53d6\u5408\u7406\u7684\u8c28\u614e\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5408\u7406\u9884\u89c1\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4f24\u5bb3\u60a8\u7684\u90bb\u5c45\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6216\u4e0d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u7ebd\u7ea6\u8f66\u7978\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u90bb\u5c45\u539f\u5219\u201d\uff08\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a <a href=\"\/zh\/article\/%e5%ae%8c%e5%85%a8%e7%90%86%e8%a7%a3%e8%81%8c%e8%b4%a3%e7%96%8f%e5%bf%bd%e6%a1%88%e4%be%8b\/\">\u6ce8\u610f\u4e49\u52a1<\/a>) \u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u610f\u5473\u7740\u53f8\u673a\u5fc5\u987b\u9075\u5b88\u6240\u6709\u9053\u8def\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u7956\u7236\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u201c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u201d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u53f8\u673a\u8fdd\u53cd\u6ce8\u610f\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u8d85\u901f\u6216\u4e0d\u6ce8\u610f\u9a7e\u9a76\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u5f53\u884c\u4e3a\u5bfc\u81f4\u8f66\u7978\uff0c\u5219\u4fb5\u6743\u4eba\uff08\u758f\u5ffd\u53f8\u673a\uff09\u5e94\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u635f\u5bb3\u627f\u62c5\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Webster\u2019s defines \u201cduty\u201d as \u201cobligatory tasks, conduct, service, or functions that arise from one&#8217;s position,\u201d as in he has a \u201cduty to support his family.\u201d There are some other definitions&#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":7157,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[775],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7156","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-personal-injury"],"acf":[],"page_builder_type":"gutenberg","gutenberg_data":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7156","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7156"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7156\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7157"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7156"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7156"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7156"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}