Bu makale, New York belediyelerinin sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerine ve ilgili maliyetlere harcanan paray\u0131 geri almak i\u00e7in opioid \u00fcreticilerine ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 dava a\u00e7\u0131p a\u00e7amayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00fcm I, ilgili olgusal arka plan\u0131 sa\u011flar. K\u0131s\u0131m II, belediyelerin \u00f6ne s\u00fcrebilece\u011fi \u00f6nerilen iddialar\u0131n k\u0131sa bir \u00f6zetini sunar.<\/a>[1]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0B\u00f6l\u00fcm III, olumlu sonu\u00e7lara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f benzer davalara ili\u015fkin \u00f6rnekler sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1990'larda, \u00fcreticiler b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda opioidleri ucuza \u00fcretme kabiliyetine sahipti, ancak pazar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fc ve kanser hastalar\u0131n\u0131 tedavi etmeye odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Pazar\u0131 s\u0131rt a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 ve artrit gibi habis olmayan hastal\u0131klar\u0131 kapsayacak \u015fekilde geni\u015fletmek i\u00e7in \u00fcreticiler hastalar\u0131 talep etmeye, doktorlar\u0131 yazmaya ve belediyeler gibi sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmeti verenleri daha fazla opioid re\u00e7etesi sat\u0131n almaya ikna etmek i\u00e7in bir plan geli\u015ftirdi. Dan\u0131\u015fmanlar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla \u00fcreticiler, kronik a\u011fr\u0131 i\u00e7in uzun s\u00fcreli opioid kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n uygun oldu\u011fu sonucuna varan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131rarak t\u0131p literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde bilimsel bir al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f alg\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015fturdular. FDA genellikle bir ila\u00e7 t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik eden materyalleri g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmedi\u011fi, ancak belirli bir ilac\u0131 ismen tan\u0131mlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, d\u00fczenleyici incelemeden ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in \u00fcreticiler, kronik a\u011fr\u0131n\u0131n opioid kullan\u0131larak tedavisini te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in bir \u00f6n grup a\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturdu. uyu\u015fturucu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00d6rne\u011fin, imalat\u00e7\u0131lar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir doktor \u00e7evresini opioid kullan\u0131m\u0131 konusunda uzman olarak terfi ettirdiler - kilit kanaat \u00f6nderleri (KOL'ler) olarak an\u0131l\u0131rlar. KOL'ler, opioidlerin uzun s\u00fcreli kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in kitaplar ve bilimsel makaleler yazd\u0131, konu\u015fmalar ve s\u00fcrekli t\u0131p e\u011fitimi programlar\u0131 verdi. Ayr\u0131ca, kronik a\u011fr\u0131 i\u00e7in opioid kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik eden tedavi k\u0131lavuzlar\u0131 geli\u015ftiren komitelerde ve opioid yanl\u0131s\u0131 savunuculuk gruplar\u0131 ve topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n kurullar\u0131nda g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131lar. KOL'ler, \u00fcreticilerin opioid yanl\u0131s\u0131 mesaj\u0131n\u0131 desteklemeleri kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tan\u0131nma, ara\u015ft\u0131rma fonu ve yay\u0131nlama f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 elde etti ve bu da profillerini art\u0131rd\u0131 ve t\u0131p camias\u0131nda daha da fazla etki g\u00f6stermelerine olanak sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n Ayr\u0131ca \u00fcreticiler, doktorlarla bire bir ziyaretler ve \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan konu\u015fmac\u0131lar\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 grup etkinlikleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla belirli hasta pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131na ve re\u00e7ete yazanlara opioidleri pazarlad\u0131. \u00dcreticilerin pazarlama materyalleri korkun\u00e7 yanl\u0131\u015f beyanlar ve eksikliklerle doluydu. \u00d6rne\u011fin, (1) opioidlerin i\u015flevi iyile\u015ftirdi\u011fini yanl\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde ifade ettiler, (2) uzun s\u00fcreli opioid kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 gizlediler, (3) yanl\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k riskinin y\u00f6netilebilece\u011fini belirttiler, (4) belirtileri aldat\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlad\u0131lar. (5) yanl\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde opioidlerden \u00e7ekilmenin kolayl\u0131kla y\u00f6netilebildi\u011fini belirtmi\u015f, (6) daha y\u00fcksek opioid dozlar\u0131n\u0131n tehlikelerini yanl\u0131\u015f sunmu\u015f ve (7) opioidlerin olumsuz etkilerini yanl\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde hafife alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00d6zellikle, \u00fcreticiler tek ba\u015f\u0131na hareket etmedi. Distrib\u00fct\u00f6rler de su\u00e7un bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yor. Hem federal hem de eyalet yasalar\u0131na g\u00f6re, distrib\u00fct\u00f6rlerin \u015f\u00fcpheli opioid sipari\u015flerini bildirme g\u00f6revi vard\u0131r. Ancak, opioidlerin k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair ezici kan\u0131tlara ra\u011fmen g\u00f6revlerinden ka\u00e7t\u0131lar. Baz\u0131 distrib\u00fct\u00f6rler zaten g\u00f6revi k\u00f6t\u00fcye kulland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kabul ettiler ve \u00f6nemli cezalar \u00f6dediler.<\/p>\n Opioid \u00fcreticilerinin hileli pazarlamas\u0131 ve distrib\u00fct\u00f6rlerin g\u00f6rmezden gelmesi sonucunda, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131na sa\u011fl\u0131k sigortas\u0131 sa\u011flayan belediyeler, hi\u00e7 yaz\u0131lmamas\u0131 gereken re\u00e7eteler i\u00e7in para \u00f6demek zorunda kald\u0131. Belediyeler ayr\u0131ca ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131kla ilgili ikincil maliyetlere de maruz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u00f6rne\u011fin, uyu\u015fturucu rehabilitasyon hizmetleri ve artan kanun yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131). Bu davada bu giderlerin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 istenecektir.<\/p>\n Belediyelerin opioid salg\u0131n\u0131ndan kaynaklanan zararlar\u0131n\u0131 tazmin etmek i\u00e7in ileri s\u00fcrebilecekleri \u00e7e\u015fitli dava nedenleri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Birinci<\/em>, belediyeler yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 tan\u0131t\u0131m faaliyetlerine dayanarak \u00fcreticilere kar\u015f\u0131 ihmalkar pazarlama iddialar\u0131nda bulunabilirler. Prof. Richard C. Ausness, opioid salg\u0131n\u0131yla m\u00fccadelede davan\u0131n rol\u00fcne ili\u015fkin kapsaml\u0131 makalesinde, ihmalkar pazarlaman\u0131n "en umut verici sorumluluk teorilerinden" biri oldu\u011funu belirtti. \u201cRe\u00e7eteli \u0130la\u00e7 Suistimaline Kar\u015f\u0131 M\u00fccadelede Davan\u0131n Rol\u00fc,\u201d 116 W. Va. L. Rev. 1117, 1148 (2014). "\u0130hmalkar pazarlama doktrini, \u00fcr\u00fcn sat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin kendilerini veya ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 incitmesi muhtemel ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan sat\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 riskini art\u0131ran pazarlama stratejileri izlememesi gerekti\u011fi fikrine dayanmaktad\u0131r." \u0130D. at 1127. "\u0130hmalden kaynaklanan pazarlama iddialar\u0131, \u00fcr\u00fcn tasar\u0131m\u0131, reklam veya promosyon faaliyetlerine[.] dayal\u0131 olabilir" Id. Belediyelerin, opioid \u00fcreticilerinin "bu ihmalkar pazarlama bi\u00e7imlerinin her biriyle u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na" dair renklendirilebilir iddialar\u0131 olsa da, ihmalkar tan\u0131t\u0131m arg\u00fcman\u0131 \u00f6zellikle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr. Yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi gibi, \u00fcreticiler ya\u015fam\u0131 tehdit etmeyen hastal\u0131klar\u0131n tedavisinde uzun vadeli a\u011fr\u0131 y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in opioidleri te\u015fvik etmek \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 pazarlama teknikleri kulland\u0131lar.<\/p>\n Saniye<\/em>, uygun bak\u0131m standard\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in Kontroll\u00fc Maddeler Yasas\u0131n\u0131 (da\u011f\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in zahmetli raporlama gereklilikleri olan) kullanarak, belediyeler, teslim ettikleri \u015f\u00fcpheli opioid sipari\u015flerini bildirmedikleri i\u00e7in da\u011f\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 do\u011frudan ihmal iddialar\u0131nda bulunabilirler.<\/p>\n \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc<\/em>, opioid \u00fcreticisinin yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 pazarlama taktikleri de "kas\u0131tl\u0131 veya hileli yanl\u0131\u015f beyan tan\u0131m\u0131na uyuyor." \u0130D. at 1128. \u201cBir doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k davas\u0131n\u0131n unsurlar\u0131, di\u011fer taraf\u0131 buna g\u00fcvenmeye ikna etmek amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lan, yanl\u0131\u015f olan ve san\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bilinen bir yanl\u0131\u015f beyan veya \u00f6nemli bir ger\u00e7e\u011fin ihmal edilmesinden olu\u015fur, hakl\u0131 g\u00fcven. di\u011fer taraf\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f beyan veya maddi ihmal ve yaralanma ile ilgili olarak.\u00a0Pasternack - Lab. Am Corp. holdingler<\/em>, 27 NY3d 817, 827 (NY 2016) (t\u0131rnak i\u015faretleri ve metin de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r). Profes\u00f6r Ausness'e g\u00f6re, "[\u00fcreticiler] taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamalar ve g\u00fcvenceler ... muhtemelen ilk [iki] unsuru kar\u015f\u0131lamaktad\u0131r." 116 W. Va. L. Rev., 1129. "Bir davac\u0131n\u0131n [hakl\u0131 g\u00fcven] unsurunu kan\u0131tlay\u0131p kan\u0131tlayamayaca\u011f\u0131, hedef doktorun genel olarak opioidlere ve \u00f6zel olarak [spesifik ilaca] ne kadar a\u015fina oldu\u011funa ba\u011fl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r." \u0130D. Bu belirsizliklere ra\u011fmen, bir \u00f6rf ve adet hukuku doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131 avantajl\u0131d\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc cezai tazminatlardan sorumlu olma ihtimali san\u0131klar \u00fczerinde ekstra mali bask\u0131 olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc<\/em>, belediyeler yanl\u0131\u015f beyanlar\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131karak opioid sat\u0131n alarak \u00fcreticilere bir menfaat sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu ger\u00e7ekler alt\u0131nda, belediyelerin sebepsiz zenginle\u015fme i\u00e7in makul bir iddias\u0131 olabilir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc imalat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n bu menfaati elinde tutmas\u0131 adaletsiz olacakt\u0131r. Bkz.\u00a0Georgia Malone & Co. - Ralph Rieder<\/em>, 86 AD3d 406, 411(1st Dep't 2011), vefat etti alt nom.\u00a0Georgia Malone & Co. - Rieder<\/em>, 19 NY3d 511 (NY 2012) (\u201cBir davac\u0131n\u0131n sebepsiz zenginle\u015fmeyi ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde savunabilmesi i\u00e7in (1) di\u011fer taraf\u0131n zenginle\u015fti\u011fini, (2) masraflar\u0131 o tarafa ait oldu\u011funu ve (3) kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n zenginle\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6stermesi gerekti\u011fi iyi bilinmektedir. di\u011fer taraf\u0131n geri al\u0131nmas\u0131 istenen \u015feyi elinde tutmas\u0131na izin vermek i\u00e7in e\u015fitlik ve vicdan rahatl\u0131\u011f\u0131.\u201d) (t\u0131rnak i\u015faretleri ve metin de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/p>\n Be\u015finci<\/em>, belediyeler NYGBL \u00a7\u00a7349 ve 350 kapsam\u0131nda dava a\u00e7abilir. "NYGBL \u00a7349, 'bu eyalette herhangi bir i\u015f, ticaret veya ticaretin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesinde veya herhangi bir hizmetin sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda aldat\u0131c\u0131 eylem veya uygulamalar\u0131' yasaklar."\u00a0Yeni D\u00fcnya Sollar\u0131. v. \u0130sim Medyas\u0131<\/em>, 150 F. Ek. 3d 287, 329 (SDNY 2015) (NYGBL \u00a7349'dan al\u0131nt\u0131). \u201cNYGBL \u00a7350, 'bu eyalette herhangi bir i\u015f, ticaret veya ticaretin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesinde veya herhangi bir hizmetin sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda yanl\u0131\u015f reklam' yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklar.'\u201d Id. 329'da (NYGBL \u00a7350'den al\u0131nt\u0131). \u201c'Genel Ticaret Kanunu \u00a7350 kapsam\u0131ndaki tazmin standard\u0131, yanl\u0131\u015f reklama \u00f6zel olmakla birlikte, bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda 349. madde ile ayn\u0131d\u0131r.'\u201d Id. 330'da (al\u0131nt\u0131\u00a0Goshen v Mut. Hayat \u0130n\u015f. NY \u015eirketi<\/em>, 98 NY2d 314, 1195 n.1 (NY 2002)). \u201c'Ne b\u00f6l\u00fcm 349 ne de 350<\/p>\n g\u00fcven[ler] kan\u0131t\u0131, \u2026 ne de daval\u0131lar\u0131n t\u00fcketicileri yan\u0131ltmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kan\u0131t.'\u201d Id. 330'da (al\u0131nt\u0131\u00a0Scotts EZ Seed Litig'de.<\/em>, 304 FRD 397, 409 (SDNY 2015)). Bir mahkeme, \u00fcreticilerin ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n, opioidlerin ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k yap\u0131c\u0131 do\u011fas\u0131na ili\u015fkin aldat\u0131c\u0131 eylemlerde bulunduklar\u0131na ve yanl\u0131\u015f reklam yapt\u0131klar\u0131na ve bunun da belediyelerin etkisiz, gereksiz ve zararl\u0131 re\u00e7etelere fon sa\u011flayarak zarar g\u00f6rmelerine yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131na karar verebilir.<\/p>\n Nihayet<\/em>, Profes\u00f6r Ausness ayr\u0131ca kamu rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n "en umut verici sorumluluk teorilerinden" biri oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yor. 116 W. Va. L. Rev., 1148'de. New York yasas\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u201c[a] kamunun ortak bir hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde m\u00fcdahale te\u015fkil eden ve b\u00f6ylece kamu ahlak\u0131n\u0131 bozan, kamu d\u00fczenine m\u00fcdahale eden davran\u0131\u015flar i\u00e7in kamu rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 mevcuttur. halka a\u00e7\u0131k bir yerin halk taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 veya \u00f6nemli say\u0131da ki\u015finin mal\u0131n\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, g\u00fcvenli\u011fini veya konforunu tehlikeye atmas\u0131 veya yaralamas\u0131.\u201d\u00a0532 Madison Ave. Gourmet Foods - Finlandiya Ctr.<\/em>, 96 NY2d 280, 292 (NY 2001). "Kamu rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Devlete kar\u015f\u0131 bir ihlaldir ve uygun h\u00fck\u00fcmet makam\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan hafifletilmeye veya kovu\u015fturmaya tabidir." \u0130D. Belediyelerin, opioid salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n etkilerinin \u2013 \u00f6rne\u011fin, sa\u011fl\u0131k sistemi \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131 ve artan su\u00e7 faaliyetlerinin \u2013 bir kamu rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011funa dair iyi bir arg\u00fcman\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n \u00d6nemli bir \u015fekilde, belediyeler ilerlemeye karar verirlerse, ayak bas\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f bir yolda seyahat etmeyeceklerdir. Opioid \u00fcreticileri ve distrib\u00fct\u00f6rleri ile lehte anla\u015fmalara varan benzer iddialar\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcren daha \u00f6nce a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f birka\u00e7 dava vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n Dava:\u00a0<\/strong>West Virginia v. AmeriSource Bergen, vd.\u00a0<\/em>e\u011filim:\u00a0<\/strong>Ocak 2017'de AmerisourceBergen ve Cardinal Health, Bat\u0131 Virginia'n\u0131n opioid da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131yla ilgili ihmal iddias\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in s\u0131ras\u0131yla $16 milyon ve $20 milyon \u00f6demeyi kabul etti.<\/p>\n Dava:\u00a0<\/strong>California Eyaleti - Purdue Pharma LP, ve di\u011ferleri.<\/em>\u00a0e\u011filim:\u00a0<\/strong>May\u0131s 2017'de Teva Pharmaceuticals, Orange ve Santa Clara Vilayetlerinin California yanl\u0131\u015f reklam yasas\u0131, California haks\u0131z rekabet yasas\u0131 ve kamu rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ihlal iddialar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in $1,6 milyon \u00f6demeyi kabul etti.<\/p>\n Dava:<\/strong>\u00a0Kentucky - Purdue Pharma LP ve di\u011ferleri.<\/em>, ve\u00a0Kentucky - Janssen Pharmaceuticals ve di\u011ferleri.<\/em>.\u00a0e\u011filim:\u00a0<\/strong>Aral\u0131k 2015'te Purdue Pharma LP ve Johnson & Johnson, Kentucky'nin Kentucky Medicaid Doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k Yasas\u0131, Kentucky Yanl\u0131\u015f Reklam Yasas\u0131, kamu rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, haks\u0131z zenginle\u015ftirme ve tazmin, tazminat, ihmal, kat\u0131 sorumluluk ve genel hukuk doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n Dava:\u00a0<\/strong>Bat\u0131 Virginia Eyaleti eski rel. Darrell V. McGraw, Jr., Ba\u015fsavc\u0131 ve di\u011ferleri.<\/em>\u00a0v. Purdue Pharma LP, ve ark.<\/em>\u00a0e\u011filim:\u00a0<\/strong>Kas\u0131m 2004'te Purdue Pharma LP, Bat\u0131 Virginia d\u00fczenleyicileri taraf\u0131ndan getirilen ihmalkar pazarlama ve kamu rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddialar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in $10 milyon \u00f6demeyi kabul etti.<\/p>\n Son notlar:<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/a>[1]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0San\u0131klar muhtemelen Purdue Pharma LP, Purdue Pharma Inc., The Purdue Frederick Company, Inc., Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc., Cephalon, Inc., Johnson & Johnson, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ortho\u2013McNeil\u2013Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (N\/K\/A Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), Endo Health Solutions, Inc., Endo Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Allergan PLC (F\/K\/A Actavis PLC), Actavis LLC, Actavis Pharma, Inc. (F\/K\/A Watson Pharma, Inc.), McKesson Corp. ve Cardinal Health, Inc.<\/p>\n New York Law Journal\u00a9 2017 ALM Media Properties, LLC'nin 16 Kas\u0131m 2017 tarihli bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n izniyle yeniden bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her hakk\u0131 sakl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em> Bu makale Paul Napoli ve Marie Napoli taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; The New York Law Journal'\u0131n 16 Kas\u0131m 2017 tarihli say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131nland\u0131. Bu makale, Yeni olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131yor\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":7365,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[785],"tags":[859,860],"class_list":["post-7364","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-opioid-crisis","tag-marie-napoli","tag-paul-napoli"],"acf":[],"page_builder_type":"gutenberg","gutenberg_data":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7364","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7364"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7364\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7365"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7364"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7364"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7364"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Arka plan<\/strong><\/h2>\n
iddialar<\/strong><\/h2>\n
\u00d6nceki Ba\u015far\u0131lar<\/strong><\/h2>\n
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\n\u0130zin al\u0131nmadan daha fazla \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131 yasakt\u0131r.\u00a0ALMReprints.com<\/a>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0877-257-3382<\/a>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<\/em>reprints@alm.com<\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"