{"id":7894,"date":"2019-07-29T13:15:54","date_gmt":"2019-07-29T17:15:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost:10028\/uncategorized\/some-obvious-and-hidden-heat-wave-consequences\/"},"modified":"2019-07-29T13:15:54","modified_gmt":"2019-07-29T17:15:54","slug":"some-obvious-and-hidden-heat-wave-consequences","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/pl\/article\/some-obvious-and-hidden-heat-wave-consequences\/","title":{"rendered":"Niekt\u00f3re oczywiste i ukryte konsekwencje fali upa\u0142\u00f3w"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>As one of the worst heat waves since the Stone Age drags on, many New Yorkers are aware of possible ill effects like heat wave dehydration and heat stroke.<\/p>\n<p>But did you know that heat waves also increase the number of <a href=\"\/pl\/teren-do-cwiczen-2\/obrazenia-ciala\/lokal-odpowiedzialnosc\/\">violent assaults<\/a>?<\/p>\n<p>Extreme high temperatures are the most deadly form of weather in the United States.<\/p>\n<p>Heat waves kill more people than tornadoes and hurricanes combined.<\/p>\n<p>Dehydration is a concern as temperatures rise.<\/p>\n<p>At the risk of sounding improper, if your urine is colored or bubbly, you are probably dehydrated, regardless of volume.<\/p>\n<p>Heat stroke is an even more serious effect, and it is also much harder to detect.<\/p>\n<p>When body temperature rises above 104, which is just a few degrees above normal, many people experience \u201ccramping and dizziness,\u201d according to Northwestern University Emergency Medicine Professor Dr. Scott Dresden.<\/p>\n<p>These individuals need to get out of the heat and hydrate.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOther, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2019\/07\/19\/health\/heat-wave-health\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more serious symptoms<\/a> are if somebody actually passes out or collapses from the heat,\u201d he added.<\/p>\n<p>These individuals need medical attention.<\/p>\n<p>If they do not receive medical treatment, extreme heat stroke victims may experience organ shutdown or death.<\/p>\n<p>Forecasters predict that the New York City weather pattern may change by the end of July and the beginning of August.<\/p>\n<h2>The Link Between High Temperatures and Violent Assaults<\/h2>\n<p>A long series of scientific studies confirm that this connection is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9418277\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">real<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In fact, a 2015 Spanish study concluded that high temperatures fueled a 7.7 percent increase in violent assaults.<\/p>\n<p>While New York City personal injury attorneys are powerless against the weather, they can successfully handle a claim for compensation following an assault.<\/p>\n<p>The relationship is easy to explain, according to most researchers.<\/p>\n<p>Heat makes people cranky.<\/p>\n<p>That uncomfortableness colors every experience.<\/p>\n<p>Minor insults suddenly become major insults which demand an aggressive, or even a violent, response.<\/p>\n<p>Another remarkable study focused on the relationship between high temperatures and HBP (Hit By Pitch) incidents in Major League Baseball.<\/p>\n<p>A team of researchers examined the issue and concluded that \u201cthe probability of a pitcher hitting a batter <a href=\"http:\/\/pss.sagepub.com\/content\/22\/4\/423\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increases sharply<\/a> at high temperatures when more of the pitcher\u2019s teammates have been hit by the opposing team earlier in the game.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>All this research probably originated with a 1984 study which connected high temperatures and aggressive driving.<\/p>\n<p>One researcher intentionally sat through an entire 12-second green light in Phoenix, and other researchers measured motorists\u2019 responses.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cResults indicated a direct linear increase in horn honking with increasing temperature.<\/p>\n<p>Stronger results were obtained by examining only those subjects who had their windows rolled down (and presumably did not have air conditioners operating),\u201d they concluded.<\/p>\n<h2>Holding Property Owners Liable for Assaults<\/h2>\n<p>Muggings, rapes, murders, barroom fights, and other such incidents often cause unbelievable suffering for victims and their families.<\/p>\n<p>The medical bills are often very high, and these expenses often pale in comparison to the extreme pain and suffering these individuals must endure.<\/p>\n<p>If the incident occurs in a place outside one\u2019s own home, like a parking lot or a party, the property owner may be liable for these damages.<\/p>\n<p>Establishing liability is usually a three-step process.<\/p>\n<h2>Legal Duty<\/h2>\n<p>First, the property owner must owe a legal duty to the victim.<\/p>\n<p>Like most other states, New York law is based on a common law classification system which divides victims into:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Invitees (people with direct or indirect permission to be on the land and who provide a direct or indirect benefit to the owner),<\/li>\n<li>Licensees (permission but no benefit), and<\/li>\n<li>Trespassers (no benefit and no duty).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Most property assault victims are invitees.<\/p>\n<p>Examples include shoppers, even if they do not buy anything, and party guests, even if the host does not particularly like the guest.<\/p>\n<p>In these situations, the owner has a duty of reasonable care. That\u2019s the highest duty in New York law.<\/p>\n<p>Other victims are licensees.<\/p>\n<p>The guest of a hotel guest is probably a licensee, and is a child who cuts across a parking lot on the way home from school.<\/p>\n<p>If the victim was in this category, the owner had a duty to warn about latent (hidden) defects, like a burned-out security light.<\/p>\n<p>If the victim was a trespasser, the owner generally had no duty of care.<\/p>\n<h2>Wiedza<\/h2>\n<p>Second, the victim-plaintiff must prove the owner knew about a dangerous property condition which caused the injury.<\/p>\n<p>Some common dangers in the assault context include the aforementioned burned-out security light, as well as inadequate overall security.<\/p>\n<p>Evidence of knowledge may be either:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bezpo\u015bredni<\/strong>: Unpaid repair invoices and government inspection reports are two examples of \u201csmoking gun\u201d direct evidence.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Przypadkowy<\/strong>: If there is no direct evidence of actual knowledge, victim-plaintiffs may use the time-notice rule to establish constructive knowledge (should have known).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The time-notice rule is a bit like a banana peel on the floor.<\/p>\n<p>If the peel was yellow, it probably just fell, so the owner had no duty to pick it up.<\/p>\n<p>But if the peel was black, it had been on the floor for a while, and constructive knowledge attaches.<\/p>\n<h2>Przewidywalno\u015b\u0107<\/h2>\n<p>Third, the assault must be foreseeable.<\/p>\n<p>In other words, the circumstances must indicate that an assault was likely.<\/p>\n<p>Dowody przewidywalno\u015bci obejmuj\u0105:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Prior assaults at that location,<\/li>\n<li>Excessively hot weather,<\/li>\n<li>Large gatherings of people at one location,<\/li>\n<li>A location in a dangerous neighborhood, and<\/li>\n<li>Recent assaults at nearby places.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In court, victim-plaintiffs must establish all three of these elements by a preponderance of the evidence (more likely than not).<\/p>\n<p>The damages in premises liability assault cases usually include compensation for economic losses, such as medical bills, and noneconomic losses, such as pain and suffering.<\/p>\n<p>When heat rises, tempers flare, people get hurt, and landowners are responsible.<\/p>\n<p>Na bezp\u0142atn\u0105 konsultacj\u0119 z an <a href=\"\/pl\/skontaktuj-sie-z-nami\/\">do\u015bwiadczony prawnik ds. obra\u017ce\u0144 cia\u0142a w Nowym Jorku<\/a>, contact Napoli Shkolnik, .<\/p>\n<p>Nie pobieramy z g\u00f3ry op\u0142at prawnych w sprawach dotycz\u0105cych zaniedba\u0144.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Poniewa\u017c trwa jedna z najgorszych fal upa\u0142\u00f3w od epoki kamienia \u0142upanego, wielu nowojorczyk\u00f3w zdaje sobie spraw\u0119 z mo\u017cliwych z\u0142ych skutk\u00f3w, takich jak odwodnienie spowodowane fal\u0105 upa\u0142\u00f3w i udar cieplny. Ale\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":7895,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[775],"tags":[847,851,951],"class_list":["post-7894","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-personal-injury","tag-accident-attorney","tag-personal-injury-lawyers-near-me","tag-heat-wave"],"acf":[],"page_builder_type":"gutenberg","gutenberg_data":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7894","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7894"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7894\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7895"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7894"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7894"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/napolilaw.lemonadestand.org\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7894"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}